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हिन्दी

अ (a) · आ (ā) · इ (i) · ई (ī) · उ (u) · ऊ (ū) · ऋ (ṛ) · ॠ (ṝ) · ऌ (ḷ) · ॡ (ḹ) · ए (e) · ऐ (ai) · ओ (o) · औ (au) · क (ka) · ख (kha) · ग (ga) · घ (gha) · ङ (ṅa) · च (ca) · छ (cha) · ज (ja) · झ (jha) · ञ (ña) · ट (ṭa) · ठ (ṭha) · ड (ḍa) · ढ (ḍha) · ण (ṇa) · त (ta) · थ (tha) · द (da) · ध (dha) · न (na) · प (pa) · फ (pha) · ब (ba) · भ (bha) · म (ma) · य (ya) · र (ra) · ल (la) · व (va) · श (śa) · ष (ṣa) · स (sa) · ह (ha) · ळ (ḷa) · अं (aṃ; anusvāra) · अः (aḥ; visarga) · ँ (candrabindu; nasalization) · ् (halant; vowel suppression) · ऑ (ɔ) · ऍ (æ) · क़ (qa) · ख़ (k͟ha) · ग़ (ġa) · ज़ (za) · ड़ (ṛa) · ढ़ (ṛha) · फ़ (fa) · य़ (ẏa) · क्ष (kṣa; conjunct) · त्र (tra; conjunct) · ज्ञ (jña; conjunct) · श्र (śra; conjunct) Each consonant normally includes an inherent a: क (ka); ् removes it, as in the final consonant of हल् (hal). In ordinary Hindi words, some inherent vowels are also unspoken: नमक (namak, salt). Vowel signs attach to consonants: का (kā), कि (ki), की (kī), कु (ku), कू (kū), कृ (kṛ), के (ke), कै (kai), को (ko), कौ (kau); कि has its sign written before the consonant but pronounced after it. Short and long vowels differ: दिन (din, day) and तीन (tīn, three); उ and ऊ occur in सुन (sun, listen) and फूल (phūl, flower). Dental त and द differ from retroflex ट and ड: ताला (tālā, lock), टोपी (ṭopī, cap), दाल (dāl, lentils), डिब्बा (ḍibbā, box). Aspiration adds a puff of air: कल (kal, yesterday/tomorrow) versus खल (khal, villain). Nasalization appears in माँ (mā̃, mother); अं and अः are vowel-plus-mark forms, and क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ, श्र are conjuncts, not separate basic letters. Rare ॠ, ऌ, ॡ mainly belong to Sanskrit.

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Original Spootyfi beginner exercises · CC BY 4.0. Curriculum structure informed by CEFR and Wiktionary; Japanese kana, Chinese pinyin, Urdu script and Punjabi Gurmukhi. Speech voices vary by device.

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