ਪੰਜਾਬੀ

ੳ (ūṛā) · ਅ (aiṛā) · ੲ (īṛī) · ਸ (sassā) · ਹ (hāhā) · ਕ (kakkā) · ਖ (khakkhā) · ਗ (gaggā) · ਘ (ghaggā) · ਙ (ṅaṅṅā) · ਚ (caccā) · ਛ (chacchā) · ਜ (jajjā) · ਝ (jhajjā) · ਞ (ñaññā) · ਟ (ṭaiṅkā) · ਠ (ṭhaṭṭhā) · ਡ (ḍaḍḍā) · ਢ (ḍhaḍḍā) · ਣ (ṇāṇā) · ਤ (tattā) · ਥ (thaththā) · ਦ (daddā) · ਧ (dhaddā) · ਨ (nannā) · ਪ (pappā) · ਫ (phapphā) · ਬ (babbā) · ਭ (bhabbā) · ਮ (mammā) · ਯ (yayyā) · ਰ (rārā) · ਲ (lallā) · ਵ (vāvā) · ੜ (ṛāṛā) · ਸ਼ (śa) · ਖ਼ (k͟ha) · ਗ਼ (ġa) · ਜ਼ (za) · ਫ਼ (fa) · ਲ਼ (ḷa) · ਾ (kannā; ā) · ਿ (sihārī; i) · ੀ (bihārī; ī) · ੁ (auṅkaṛ; u) · ੂ (dulaiṅkaṛ; ū) · ੇ (lā̃; e) · ੈ (dulāvā̃; ai) · ੋ (hoṛā; o) · ੌ (kanauṛā; au) · ੰ (ṭippī; nasalization) · ਂ (bindī; nasalization) · ੱ (addak; consonant doubling) · ੍ (halant; vowel suppression) The first 35 entries are the traditional Gurmukhi letters; ੳ and ੲ are vowel carriers. Independent vowels include ਅ, ਆ, ਇ, ਈ, ਉ, ਊ, ਏ, ਐ, ਓ, ਔ. An unmarked consonant usually has a short a, called muktā. Vowel signs are ਾ, ਿ, ੀ, ੁ, ੂ, ੇ, ੈ, ੋ, ੌ: ਕਾ, ਕਿ, ਕੀ, ਕੁ, ਕੂ, ਕੇ, ਕੈ, ਕੋ, ਕੌ. The sign ਿ is written before its consonant but pronounced after it, as in ਕਿਤਾਬ (kitāb, book). Short and long vowels differ: ਪੁਲ (pul, bridge) and ਦੂਰ (dūr, far). ੰ and ਂ mark nasality: ਪੰਜ (pañj, five), ਮਾਂ (mā̃, mother). ੱ doubles the following consonant: ਸੱਤ (satt, seven), ਦੁੱਧ (duddh, milk). Dental ਤ differs from retroflex ਟ: ਤਿੰਨ (tinn, three), ਟੋਪੀ (ṭopī, cap). Punjabi is tonal: ਘ, ਝ, ਢ, ਧ, ਭ and ਹ can signal tone rather than a simple breathy consonant; ਘਰ (ghar, house) begins with a low-tone syllable in standard Punjabi. Learn these words by listening as well as reading.